Mentality
other cultures seen as different, unusual

Religion
Islam: especially in North Africa (one god, one text, social obligations of worshippers)
Christianity: with many sects as old as Roman church, especially in East Africa (one god, one text, devotional worship)
tribal: naturalistic; tribal religions based in nature and the community

Society
stratified or tribal: strict class structure when necessary for trade and allocation of scarce resource; tribes have strict division of labor

Economy
producer of: palm oil, iron, gold, salt, ivory, slaves, root crops, cattle
imports: spices, tobacco, technology, food

Gender Roles
varied in some tribes, women have high rank; in some areas, men focus on controlling females

Philosophy
varied: variety due to basis on natural world, which varies from rain forest to desert; natural philosophies focus on village or tribe

History
cyclical thinking, based on generations of people, genealogy

Image by Jason McCartney, Jill Malone's CIS 246/Art 247 Photoshop class (S04)